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- SOCIETY, Page 74. . . But You Were Afraid to Ask
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- People across the U.S. rushed to call medical hot lines last
- week to find out the latest scientific information about the
- ways the AIDS virus can be transmitted. The number of inquiries
- was so great that the lines were often tied up for hours. Here
- are answers to some delicate questions about what can be risky
- and how people can protect themselves:
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- Q. Is kissing someone with AIDS dangerous?
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- A. A very small quantity of the AIDS virus can get into
- saliva. But it is rapidly destroyed by the fluid's digestive
- enzymes. There has never been a documented case of HIV infection
- through saliva. So open-mouth kissing is considered a low-risk
- activity, but it is not absolutely safe.
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- Q. What kind of sex is most dangerous?
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- A. Being on the receiving end of anal intercourse carries
- the greatest risk, for heterosexuals as well as gays. Blood
- vessels in tissues lining the anus and rectum are easy to
- rupture, and that gives HIV a direct passageway to the
- bloodstream. The majority of sexually transmitted cases (as
- opposed to those from shared needles or transfusions) probably
- result from anal intercourse. Vaginal intercourse is less risky;
- oral sex has the least risk.
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- Q. Is the man or woman at greater risk in vaginal sex?
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- A. Women have higher odds of being infected by an
- HIV-positive man than the reverse. Infected semen can remain in
- the vagina and uterus for days. And the tissues of the vagina,
- though tougher than those in the anus, can also be torn during
- intercourse. A man, however, is exposed to vaginal secretions
- only during the sexual act itself. Unless he has genital ulcers
- or a cut on the penis, the chances of being infected are small.
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- Q. What is the best protection during intercourse?
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- A. Men should wear a lubricated latex condom. Most brands
- contain the spermicide nonoxynol-9, which also kills the AIDS
- virus. Lambskin condoms will not do the job since the virus can
- pass through the porous natural membrane.
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- Q. Does having sex during menstruation increase the risk
- of infection?
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- A. Studies suggest that the virus may pass more readily
- from woman to man during that time. A condom provides
- protection, but it is probably safer to abstain from vaginal
- intercourse during a period.
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- Q. How dangerous is oral sex?
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- A. Not as hazardous as intercourse, but nothing to be
- casual about. The partner performing oral sex is more at risk
- because he or she comes into contact with vaginal or seminal
- fluids. The virus can pass from those fluids into cuts in the
- mouth. Those receiving oral sex are exposed only to saliva.
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- Q. What precautions can be taken in oral sex?
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- A. Males receiving it should wear a latex condom. When the
- woman is the receiving partner, a dental dam should be used.
- That is a square piece of latex placed over the vaginal area.
- Many pharmacies now carry dams, a nonprescription item, on
- racks next to condoms.
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- Q. At what point in a relationship is it reasonable to
- stop taking precautions against HIV infection?
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- A. Protection should be used for the first six months
- after starting a relationship with a new partner. Then each
- partner should be tested for HIV. If both test negative and the
- couple have a monogamous relationship and don't indulge in risky
- behavior, such as using needles, then it's safe to discontinue
- using condoms as a protection against AIDS.
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- Q. Is it risky to play sports or share athletic facilities
- with people who are infected?
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- A. The AIDS virus is not found in sweat. So health-club
- members need not worry about who last rode the exercise bike.
- But in contact sports where bloody injuries can occur -- such
- as boxing, football and basketball -- it's possible for the
- virus to pass from one athlete to another. The risk appears to
- be extremely small: the Olympics' chief medical officer said
- last week that Magic Johnson would be welcome to play in the
- 1992 Games.
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